Research reveals meat eaters reach 100 more often – but only if one vital factor is met
The link between diet and lifespan has long interested researchers and the public. The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey examined how different diets relate to longevity in older people in China and provides insight into how food choices might affect lifespan, especially at very advanced ages.
What the study looked at and how it was done
The researchers followed a group of over 5,000 people aged 80 years or older for nearly two decades. They tracked who reached 100 years old and who died earlier. Participants’ diets were classified into several categories: omnivores (meat eaters), vegetarians who still ate fish, eggs or dairy, and strictly plant-based diets with none of those animal products.
Main findings
Analysis found some clear associations. Overall, a vegetarian diet was linked with a lower chance of reaching 100 years old, with an odds ratio of about 0.81 compared with omnivores. A strictly plant-based diet was linked with an even lower chance, with an odds ratio of about 0.71. This lower chance was not observed in people who avoided meat but ate fish, eggs or dairy regularly.
One important factor was BMI (body mass index; in French: IMC). The apparent advantage for meat eaters was stronger among the very old whose BMI was below 18.5 (underweight). Those underweight participants often showed loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), which raises the risk of falls, bone fractures and hospital stays.
Which nutrients matter and methodological points
Maintaining energy and protein intake is especially important in very late life. Nutrients commonly found in fish, eggs and dairy, such as complete proteins, vitamin B12, calcium and vitamin D, are important. The amino acid leucine (found in whey, cheese, eggs, soy and peanuts) helps prevent sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass).
There are limits to what this study can tell us. It was observational, so it cannot prove cause and effect. Diet data were based on a single self-report, which does not capture how people’s eating habits might have changed over time.
Practical nutrition advice
Professional bodies recommend about 1.0 to 1.2 g per kg of body weight per day of protein for people over 70 years of age, with a slightly higher intake during illness or rehabilitation. Each main meal should ideally provide 25 to 30 g of protein to stimulate muscle synthesis.
For those worried about low weight and looking to improve wellbeing, while following guidance from health professionals, it is suggested to eat three main meals and two snacks per day. Prioritise energy-dense foods and cut down on processed cold meats in favour of healthier protein sources such as fish, eggs or legumes.
The research shows adequate nutrition is important for supporting longevity and indicates the role of specific macro- and micronutrients in older people. Whether you are an omnivore, a vegetarian or on a plant-based diet, ensuring your eating plan is balanced and nutrient-rich may help support a longer, healthier life.